A Plaque for Mayberry - S1-E25
Visible crew/equipment: When Andy and Barney walk into Mayor Pike's office, they stand beside the two women from the Historical Society, and the faint chalk curved marks are visible on the floor where they stand.
Visible crew/equipment: When Aunt Bee and Opie leave the house and get in the car, the reflection of crew and filming equipment can be seen on the surface of the car.
Andy and the Gentleman Crook - S1-E21
Visible crew/equipment: When Aunt Bee is in the kitchen preparing to take a tray of food to the prisoner she momentarily walks out of the kitchen through the swinging door. As she pushes the door open, a crew member's hand and arm can be seen behind the door.
Visible crew/equipment: Just as Aunt Bee and Opie pull up in front of Wally's station, the reflections of crew and equipment are visible on the surface of the car. (00:06:00)
Mayberry Goes Hollywood - S1-E13
Visible crew/equipment: Near the end, after the producer tells the townspeople to get back to normal and out of their trick or treat outfits, when the crowd disperses we can see some curved chalk lines on the ground near the producer's feet, to mark actors' positions.
The Darlings Are Coming - S3-E25
Visible crew/equipment: After Charlene tells her father that she just wants to look at the pretty man (Andy), when she gets back in the pickup truck we can see the reflection of the moving boom on the windshield.
Visible crew/equipment: When Andy and Barney are in the squad car talking about the crooked stop sign, in both of their closeups we can see the black tape that had been applied to the chrome trim of the squad's windows, presumably to prevent reflections. That tape is gone from the driver's side when they park in front of the courthouse.
Visible crew/equipment: When Flip pays a visit to the Taylors, he and Andy walk over to Opie, and the actors' two tape marks are visible on the floor between Opie and Flip. (00:21:05)
Visible crew/equipment: After Goober has deliberately removed the distributor cap from Andy's squad car, when Andy slams the hood shut we can see the reflection of the filming crew on Floyd's window. Then when Andy and Helen drive away in Goober's truck, the microphone pops up into view at the bottom of the screen. (00:17:20)
Emmett's Brother-in-Law - S8-E18
Visible crew/equipment: When Ben accompanies Emmett on his first call to Andy, just as they both enter the courthouse, we can see a crew member's hand outside reach out to catch the door as it closes. (00:12:40)
Opie's Group - S8-E9
Visible crew/equipment: While Opie and his band are playing at the party there are shots of the kids dancing, and in the shot of a girl with blonde hair wearing a blue dress, the camera angle is low and we can see the top of the set. (00:10:25)
Visible crew/equipment: After the shot of Milly holding hands with Howard (holding a picnic basket), when it cuts to Goober sitting in front of the courthouse the camera angle is low, so the wood framework and lighting equipment at the top of the courthouse set is visible, just as Andy walks over to Goober. (00:05:30)
Visible crew/equipment: After Andy hatches the plan to have Aunt Bee and her friends pick up their photos at the same time, in the following shot just as Andy walks into the shop, the shadow of the boom mic is moving beside the doorway, at the top left side of the screen.
Visible crew/equipment: After Aunt Bee's flight lands, when it cuts to the hotel lobby there's rug on the floor extending from the front desk to the stairs, but in the next shot as Aunt Bee and her friends walk into the lobby that rug is gone (this doesn't refer to the small rug behind them). Also note the tape mark on the floor where the bellhop stops the luggage trolley.
Visible crew/equipment: When everyone is at the airport before the flight some chalk T-marks are visible on the floor, such as the one between Andy and Helen when Andy takes the picture of Aunt Bee and her friends. (00:08:45)
Visible crew/equipment: When Aunt Bee drives her car up to the gas pump at Wally's station and then wins the five dollars, the reflections of crew and filming equipment are visible on the surface of her car. Also, note that the chrome trim around the windshield is covered with black tape, presumably to prevent reflection. Additionally, during all the scenes at Wally's station, the back end of one of the quonset huts from the "Gomer Pyle, USMC" set are visible, either at the left side of the screen or in the background.
Visible crew/equipment: Barney shows up with the concert sign while Andy's sawing wood, and when he and Andy talk about it, the shadow of the boom pole/mic is moving around on the ground, at the lower left corner of the screen. More of the boom's shadow is visible again, when Gomer shows up and they talk about Goober. (00:14:30)
Aunt Bee's Restaurant - S7-E21
Visible crew/equipment: After Goober orders the chow mein dinner at the restaurant, in the following wideshot of everyone at the table, the curved chalk actor's mark is visible on the floor between Andy's and Helen's chairs. (00:12:20)
A Visit to Barney Fife - S7-E18
Visible crew/equipment: When Barney introduces Andy to Ma's boys, the actors' two tape marks are visible on the floor in front of the couch. (00:07:10)
Don't Miss a Good Bet - S7-E16
Visible crew/equipment: When Andy walks into the diner to speak with George Jones about investing in the treasure hunt, the shadow of the overhead boom arm and mic is moving around on the wall behind them. (00:18:30)
Answer: Those "boxes" are valences that used to be very common, before air conditioning. They allow for windows to be open during rain storms. They permit air circulation, without letting the rain in.