Continuity mistake: When the pilots jump from the airplane we see Willie asleep directly under the rolled up tapestries, but when she wakes up and starts to make her way to the cockpit as she coughs, in the wideshot we see she's coming from the area further back toward the tail.
Continuity mistake: At the bar, Indy punches the cigarette seller and packs fly all over the place. Half a second later the floor is spotless.
Continuity mistake: After Willie saves Short from the hole in the bridge, the river is filled with water. Seconds later, when Indy is about to cut the bridge, there's a wide angle where there's barely any water, with rocks coming out. Then he cuts the bridge and it's filled with water again.
Factual error: It seems highly unlikely that a whip trapped around a ceiling vent can lift up a 150 Kg (300 pounds) muscled man without breaking, or even without making a crack on the ceiling.
Continuity mistake: Near the end when Kate Capshaw, Harrison Ford, and the kid are on the bridge, Harrison cuts the bridge with a large sword. Several men fall into the water below. The bad guy grabs hold and hangs on to some of the henchmen. The number of henchmen changes between shots. Close-up 3, wide shot 2, close-up no men, then back to 2 and so on. The bad guy throws some off as he climbs up the bridge but the number changes in the wrong order.
Other mistake: When the three enter the palace there are many guards protecting it. When the miner kids exit the palace, all the guards are gone, which allows for a happy scene, but still it's quite odd that the Imperial Palace suddenly has no protection at all.
Continuity mistake: When Willie and Shorty get to the rope bridge they start walking out and Shorty starts jumping on it, then in the next shot the sunburn on Willie's back is significantly worse and her hair differs. In the second shot it's presumably her stand-in.
Continuity mistake: While hanging onto the fallen bridge, both Mola Ram and Indy are pulling Indy's bag with the Shankara Stones, and note that this bag has three drain holes underneath instead of just two drain holes, which it normally has.
Continuity mistake: When Indy threatens Willie with a fork on her ribs, in the wide angles her arm is down, but in the close-ups it's up to allow for the fork to be seen. This keeps swapping back and forth, with no continuity at all.
Continuity mistake: The jet of water comes out through a squared hole on the rocks, and seconds later comes through many other places, making the first hole much bigger, and making pieces of rock fall off. However, when Indy cries, "Let's meet up at the bridge!" there's an aerial shot of him climbing and the mountain has the very same perfect structure as before the jet of water burst.
Continuity mistake: In the village, Willie grabs food with her hand and puts it inside her mouth. From the angle behind, the arm and hand are not raised and close to the mouth.
Revealing mistake: During the "Anything Goes" dance number, the shot of the dancers doing the 'splits' is simply ran in reverse to produce the illusion that they're rising up from the stage floor.
Other mistake: When Indie and Short Round stop and get off the elephant before they walk up to the palace in India, the tusks have obviously been extended by props to make the elephant look more impressive.
Revealing mistake: The skull which Indiana forces under one of the wheels in the spiked room's ceiling has a very straight, clean-cut line through the cranium. It has none of the imperfections or signs of growth which would occur naturally; this is a very fake-looking skull.
Audio problem: A few times during the banquet scene, various snakes make noises like squealing pigs or large bugs.
Other mistake: During the Tri-Motor crash sequence, the crew dumps the fuel from the aircraft and bails out. In the shot of the red fuel pouring out, the fuel is shown streaming out of the exhaust pipe for the center engine, which would be hot enough to cause the fuel to ignite and either set the aircraft on fire or cause it to explode.
Continuity mistake: During the mine cart scene, Indy hits the second lever with the shovel to change the course. The Thuggees in the cart behind him shoot the same lever and it flies back just as Indy hits it, and changes the course again.
Other mistake: In the "tunnel of bugs" you may reasonably expect there to be such creatures as cockroaches, spiders or giant centipedes, but the majority of the insects are locusts which are herbivorous and would not be found in an underground tunnel. Other out-of-placers are giant stick insects (also herbivorous) as well as a South American harlequin beetle (this part of the film is set in India). You can also see, in the scene where Willie turns her hand over to reveal one of the giant stick insects, that she is cupping it to hold the insect in place.
Audio problem: When Indy, Willy and Short Round are leaning on the mountain where the jet of water comes out, none of their cries match their lips.
Revealing mistake: In the wide angle of the mountain where Indy, Willy and Short Round lean on, they cast no shadow, revealing it's a composite image.
Answer: He says "kali ma, shakti day". This is hindi and means (literally) "black mother, give me power/strength". "Ohm nama Shivaya" means "I bow to Shiva." Both are Hindi.