Continuity mistake: Missy's cameo brooch is unpinned and hanging askew when she vaporizes Osgood, but the brooch rights itself and is pinned properly when Missy steps on Osgood's eyeglasses. (00:23:00)
Continuity mistake: When Missy orders her Cybermen to blow up the plane and kill some Belgians, her control bracelet is missing from her wrist in one shot. (00:33:54)
Revealing mistake: During the sequence where the Cyber-clouds covering Earth are burned away, there is a shot showing the clouds burning over the Sydney Opera House. The shot is, very obviously, a still image to which CGI of the burning sky has been added, with extremely unconvincing results. (00:47:37)
Visible crew/equipment: Just after Missy treads on Osgood's glasses after killing her, you can see a boom mike shadow on the wall.
Chosen answer: 1) When Stephen Moffat took over he ignored a lot of what had been developed before (there is not in-universe answer). 2) It would have killed Rose, so the Doctor absorbed the energy. His body regenerated before the energy could do a significant amount of damage that would prevent regeneration.