Continuity mistake: When Bart fails the test despite having actually studied, we see the two red "X" marks in the center row of the multiple choice questions, but after Mrs. Krabappel passes Bart because he applied practical knowledge, when Homer hangs the test up on the fridge those two "X" marks in the center have vanished.
Continuity mistake: Bart's bedroom is on the opposite side of the stairs, with his window facing out to the backyard, but after his prayer his bedroom window is facing The Front of the house. Additionally, the style of his window changes as well, going from two horizontal sliding panes with no muntins, to a vertical sliding window with two muntins when Marge pulls the curtain back, then to a having only one muntin when Bart opens his window.
Continuity mistake: When Bart is called up to give his oral book report keep your eye on Bart's book, Treasure Island, and the direction of its binding. The book's binding should be to the left of The Front cover, which has the picture of a pirate wearing a black hat, but the binding changes to the right side (note the cover picture/title) of the cover at times, and when he mentions the publisher the book also changes how it's held by Bart. (00:02:10)
Grandpa vs. Sexual Inadequacy - S6-E10
Continuity mistake: On the book on conspiracy theories that Bart buys, there's a picture on the back of the author. The picture changes several times throughout the episode.
Grandpa vs. Sexual Inadequacy - S6-E10
Continuity mistake: When Homer and Grandpa are trying to sell the tonic at the mall, when Homer is trying to sell tonic to the Critical Man, all the tonic bottles on the table are actually empty. In the next shot, they're full.
Grandpa vs. Sexual Inadequacy - S6-E10
Revealing mistake: When Doctor Hibbert drinks the bottle of tonic, the amount of tonic never actually changes even though it should have gone down a considerable bit.
Grandpa vs. Sexual Inadequacy - S6-E10
Continuity mistake: When Lisa jumps off the tyre swing, her dress is fairly dirty. When Homer drives off, the bottom is dirtier than before.
Grandpa vs. Sexual Inadequacy - S6-E10
Continuity mistake: At the old Simpson home, Grandpa and Homer run into each other and collide on the porch. In this shot, the windows are dark, but in the next, all the windows are instantly lit up by the fire, which would not be possible in the given time.
Continuity mistake: When the snake from the cashier bites Moe, the bites on his arm never change and only remain in the one spot even though the snake bit several different spots on his arm.
Continuity mistake: In the scene in the airport bar, two pilots sitting next to each other have brown and gray hair, respectively. When they stand up, the hair has switched colours.
Continuity mistake: On the plane, where Marge is starting to act up due to her Fear of Flying, Homer and Marge's seat-belts have mysteriously disappeared.
Continuity mistake: When we first see Homer at Moe's at the beginning of the episode, he is sitting at the bar and there is an ashtray by his glass of beer. But after a quick cut to Moe, we return to Homer and the ashtray has disappeared.
Revealing mistake: When Moe grabs Ned Flanders' shirt at the bar, Ned's torso is incorrectly drawn over his arms as well as the mug he is holding. (00:10:50)
Homer's Triple Bypass - S4-E11
Factual error: I get it, it's a comedy. But after open heart surgery, you are sedated for 1-2 days and on a ventilator. So, Homer even being awake after open heart surgery is completely false. Also, as someone who has had open heart surgery, you can barely move your chest because your sternum is fractured.
The Last Of The Red Hat Mamas - S17-E7
Factual error: Milhouse says he speaks fluent Italian, but his Italian is full of basic grammatical errors. He says that "insegnante" means "masculine teacher" when the same word is used for a male or female teacher. There are errors in Lisa's Italian course too ("barca piccola" instead of "piccola barca"). Despite Lisa's understandable mistakes, as she is a learner, Milhouse never corrects her (there is no such word as "idioto"). Even Milhouse's grandmother, who is Italian, makes many grammatical mistakes.
Other mistake: At the finish line, the crowd are missing all their appearance features such as faces, hair etc. (00:13:50)
The Day the Violence Died - S7-E18
Other mistake: At the end of the episode Lisa and Bart watch Itchy and Scratchy in the TV room, which is beside the kitchen at the back of their house. The TV room has a window that faces the backyard, with the record player on a shelf in front of that window. The problem is when Bart looks out the back window and sees Lester skateboarding past the house, the view outside is actually the street in front of the Simpson house, not their backyard as it should be.
Other mistake: At the concert when Bart throws the Frisbee into the dude sat next to him, the crowd in the background are all missing their eyes. (00:03:50)
Continuity mistake: When Marge spots Krusty, from the regular view, Krusty's hand is down on the table. But from the view from the camcorder, his hand is on top of the cake. (00:14:00)
Other mistake: In the scene set in the future after Lisa, as the US President, held a conference with some journalists, just before the scene changes they show a black journalist with eyes not drawn among the crowd.
Answer: I'm not sure if this is the one you're thinking of, but an episode of "Ray Bradbury Theatre," called "A Sound of Thunder," dealt with a similar matter: a group of hunters travel back in time to hunt dinosaurs, only to find things have changed when they get back because someone stepped on a butterfly.
Xofer