Factual error: Throughout the movie, Hopper is wearing both the silver and gold ESWS (Enlisted Surface Warfare Specialist) and SWO (Surface Warfare Officer) pins on his uniform at the same time. While it is possible to qualify both of these (one while enlisted, and the other after becoming an officer) you would never wear both of them at the same time. The officer's pin supersedes the silver pin.
Factual error: Albeit needed cinematically, the satellite station is not projecting beams of light, they are transmitting sound.
Factual error: When Hopper is running from the convenience store you can see Rite Aid in the background. You also see Honolulu police cars in the same scene. There isn't a Rite Aid in Honolulu.
Suggested correction: Not sure about this one. Honolulu is on Oahu, so I'm not sure what the police cars correction is, and there are Rite Aid stores on Oahu, and in Honolulu.
Where is (or at least was in 2012) the Rite Aid in Honolulu?
Rite Aid stores are in 18 states, and Hawaii is NOT one of them. I even went to the Rite Aid website and used the "store locator." When I wrote "Honolulu", the result was "no stores within 50 miles." (This would be currently, so the question below about 2012 remains unanswered).
Factual error: At the very start of the movie, when they zoom in a planet that is "too cold" the temperature of the planet is shown as -314 C. The maximum negative temperature is 273.15 C, which would be absolute zero. Also when zoomed in, the further right in the screen, the colder it gets, a maximum of -415 C can be seen. (00:01:44)
Factual error: At the Award Ceremony, Alex is announced as a Lt Commander, but he is wearing Lieutenant's stripes on his shoulder. (01:57:22)
Suggested correction: It was a spot promotion that he didn't know he was getting. The Admiral called him LCDR to let him know he was getting promoted.
Other mistake: Early in the movie, It is said in the movie that the force field is 300,000ft in altitude, and approximately 2 miles in diameter. It is far less than 300,000ft high, and larger than 2 miles wide.